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If you get any errors deleting the above folders from Trash, restart your Mac and empty Trash again. Install TurboTax again from the CD or download file to the Applications folder. Start TurboTax from the Applications folder and let it run the updates. Empty the Trash again. To make sure everything is working smoothly, restart your Mac again. See all of Ryan Dotts's tools The open-source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it to the board. It runs on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.

If you want to quick know the walkthrough for database setup, see #Quick Setup.

TODO: This page needs to be improved for setting up database usage in Robust, though the config parameters are identical to the StandaloneCommon.ini/GridCommon.ini files.

On OpenSimulator 0.7.1 and later, you need to set StorageProvider and ConnectionString so that OpenSimulator can connect to a database. Usually you'll need to edit StandaloneCommon.ini for standalone or GridCommon.ini for grid mode.

In those files, you'll find the [DatabaseService] section. This is where the database is configured. There are number of entries - the only ones that should be uncommented (by removing the beginning semi-colon) are those which apply to the database that you want. All the others must be commented out (by adding a semi-colon to the front of the line).

Examples

MySQL

For MySQL you will uncomment the required lines and configure as appropriate. For instance, the lines

In this case, it will connect to a MySQL database called opensimdb on the same machine running the simulator (localhost). The user connecting is opensim with the password h0tgrits.

PostgreSQL

For PostgreSQL you will uncomment the required lines and configure as appropriate. For instance, the lines

In this case, it will connect to a PostgreSQL database called opensimdb on the same machine running the simulator (localhost). The user connecting is opensim with the password h0tgrits. If you changed the port number on PostgreSQL installation, you may add to connection string 'Port=5432' where 5432 you may change to the installed port.

• PostgreSQL database module isn't in 0.7.6 release. It is still on the bleeding edge source code.

SQLite

SQLite is slightly different. Instead you would uncomment (or leave uncommented) the line.

Or, you can include another ini files. You'll find a line like that:

This will go on to read config-include/storage/SQLiteStandalone.ini after reading this ini file. If you open SQLiteStandalone.ini file, you'll find StrageProvider and ConnectionString lines in each sections. As SQLite does not require users or passwords to be setup, there is no further configuration to be done unless you want sqlite to use different filenames for its databases.

MSSQL

NOTE: MSSQL support will be removed in OpenSimulator 0.8.1 as it has been unmaintained for more than 2 years and so has bugs and lacks support for recent OpenSimulator features.

NOTE: There had been another way to connect to MSSQL database, which was using 'mssql_connection.ini' in bin/ directory. On OpenSimulator 0.7.1 or later, it will NOT be read even if you set it properly. Use ConnectionString in *Common.ini instead. For more specific details, see the section #MSSQL.

Database Parameters

ConnectionString Syntax

MySQL

Data Source=[1];Database=[2];User ID=[3];Password=[4];Old Guids=true;

• [1] The hostname or ip address of database server
• [2] Database name
• [3] Username for the database above
• [4] Password for the user above

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Example: If you have created the database 'opensim' in localhost, and then created the user 'opensimuser' and its password is 'opensimpassword', it will be:

PostgreSQL

Data Source=[1];Database=[2];User ID=[3];Password=[4];Port=[5]

• [1] The hostname or ip address of database server
• [2] Database name
• [3] Username for the database above
• [4] Password for the user above
• [5] Port number for the server (default=5432)

Example: If you have created the database 'opensim' in localhost, and then created the user 'opensimuser' and its password is 'opensimpassword', and the server port number is 5435 it will be:

SQLite

URI=file:[1],version=3,UseUTF16Encoding=True;

• [1] The path to the database file (relative to the bin/ directory - If there is no file on this path, it will be created automatically)

Example: If you want to create the database for Inventory Service in the directory 'bin/db', it will be:

MSSQL

Server=[1];Database=[2];User Id=[3]; password=[4];

• [1] 'servernameinstance name' - You can see this string in SQL Server Managerment Studio login dialog(Server:).
• [2] Database name
• [3] Username for the database above
• [4] Password for the user above

Example: If you have installed Microsoft SQL Server Express Edition with default settings on your local machine, created the database 'opensim' in localhost, and then created the user 'opensimuser' and its password is 'opensimpassword', it will be:

Using different database settings for different services

Note: This is extremely advanced configuration and needs to be updated for ROBUST configuration as well as standalone (which is what is implied here).

Currently there are several services in OpenSimulator.

• [InventoryService]
• [AssetService]
• [AvatarService]
• [AuthenticationService]
• [UserAccountService]
• [GridUserService]
• [FriendsService]
• [EstateDataStore]
• [SimulationDataStore]
• [PresenceService]
• [AuthorizationService]
• [GridService]

You can use a different database for each service by overriding the StorageProvider and ConnectionString properties as we saw in the general [DatabaseService] section above. For instance, if you want to use MySQL 'opensim' in general but MySQL 'opensim2' for Inventory Service and MSSQL for Authentication Service, you'll need to write in StandaloneCommon.ini something like:

If OpenSimulator can't find StorageProvider or ConnectionString in each service's section, it will use those in [DatabaseService] section. If OpenSimulator find each or them, it will use the parameter in each service's section. Thus, then the settings in these sections override those in [DatabaseService] section.

In this case, Inventory Service will:

• read [DatabaseService]StorageProvider
• read [DatabaseService]ConnectionString -> read [InventoryService]ConnectionString and override

Authentication Service will:

• read [DatabaseService]StorageProvider -> read [AuthenticationService]StorageProvider and override
• read [DatabaseService]ConnectionString -> read [AuthenticationService]ConnectionString and override

Note: SQLite and MSSQL providers don't support some services.

Note: For Estate Service, there is another parameter EstateConnectionString in [DatabaseService]. It is the middle priority between [DatabaseService] and [EstateDataStore] ConnectionStrings. OpenSimulator reads ConnectionString in [DatabaseService] section first, next EstateConnectionString, finally ConnectionString in [EstateDataService] section and overrides.

SQLite Walkthrough

By default, OpenSimulator will automatically create its SQLite database files(*.db) in bin/ directory. You don't need to do anything generally.If you want to create the database files in another directory, you can change by editing ConnectionString in bin/config-include/storage/SQLiteStandalone.ini included by config-include/*Commons.ini. See #SQLite section for the detailed syntax.

MySQL Walkthrough

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Download

Download and install 'MySQL Community Server' from MySQL Downloads Page. On Linux, you can even fetch 'mysql-server' or 'mysql-community-server' with your native package manager.

Installing MySQL Server

On Windows:Download MSI and run it. Select 'Typical'. After installation, it will launch 'MySQL Server Instance Configuration Wizard'. Select 'Standard Configuration'. In the next screen, you might be happy later if you check 'Include Bin Directory in Windows PATH'. In the next screen, provide mysql root password. It will complete settings for mysql and startup its service automatically. See MySQL Documentation for more details.

On Mac OS X:Download DMG package and install it normally. After install the server package, you can even install MySQL Startup Item if you want MySQL to start automatically during system startup. After that, startup your MySQL by following commands. See MySQL Documentation for more details.

MySQL must be configured to use UTF8 as its default character set. In the config file /etc/my.cnf (Linux) or my.ini (Windows), add these settings:

And it's ready to run.

On Linux:RPM install the downloaded package or install 'mysql-server' or 'mysql-community-server' with your package manager. For more instructions for installation, see MySQL Documentation. After that, startup your MySQL with following command.

If you want to startup MySQL server automatically, see 2.10.1.2. Starting and Stopping MySQL Automatically in MySQL 5.5 Reference Manual.

Creating MySQL Database

Now you can configure your MySQL with the command line tools.

You can even use MySQL Command Line Client on Start menu on Windows. After login, create user and database for OpenSimulator.

Configuring OpenSimulator

Open StandaloneCommon.ini or GridCommon.ini with your editor. First, comment-out the line for SQLite.

After that, uncomment StorageProvider and ConnectionString property lines in [DatabaseService] section and change the line like that:

Note that 'Data Source=localhost;' actually specifies a TCP socket. If your MySQL server is set up to refuse remote connections (i.e. with skip-networking enabled) you'll need to replace 'localhost' with the path to MySQL's UNIX socket.

You can find the path to the socket that your MySQL server is using with mysqladmin.

Save and start OpenSimulator. It will access to your new MySQL database instead of the default SQLite databases.

PostgreSQL Walkthrough

Download

Download and install PostgreSQL server from PostgreSQL Downloads Page. On Linux, you can even fetch 'postgresql' with your native package manager.

MSSQL Walkthrough

Download

To download Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Express edition: [1]Make sure you download Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Express with Tools ([2]) since you will likely want a nice tool to work with your database. If you already downloaded Microsoft SQL Server before, skip to 'Checking Instance Configurations' step.

Installing Microsoft SQL Server

Double-click the downloaded executable and select click Installation and 'New SQL Server stand-alone installation or add features to an existing installation'. It will start installation process, you only need to click 'OK', 'Next' or 'Install' until you come across the 'Feature Selection'. In this screen, you need to check 'Database Engine Service' and 'Management Tools - Basic', then click 'Next'. In next screen 'Instance Configuration', check what is filled in 'Named instance:' property - you will later use this later. For example, for default Express Edition, you'll see 'SQLEXPRESS'. Click 'Next'. Then go on default until you reach 'Server Configuration'. In this screen, fill in Account Name and Password field with you windows login name and password. In next 'Database Engine Configuration' screen, you will need to enable Mixed Mode. After that provide password, click 'Add Current User', and then continue clicking 'Next' or 'OK' until it completes the installation process. After that, you'll find the entry 'SQL Server Managerment Studio' in 'Microsoft SQL Server 2008' on the Windows Start menu. Open it and click 'connect' to connect to your instance.

Checking Instance Configurations

Right-click on your database server in Management Studio and select Properties, then go to the Security tab and select SQL Server and Windows Authentication mode, click OK. If you have already installed SQL Server before and you find 'Windows Authentication mode' enabled instead, change it.

Creating User for Database

Expand the Security node, then right-click the Logins node. Select 'New Login...' to open 'Login - New' dialog. In this screen, fill 'Login name' with the string whatever you like, select 'SQL Server authentication', give it a strong password, uncheck 'User must change password at next login', and click 'OK'. In this tutorial, we'll assume you have typed 'opensimuser' for Login name, and 'opensimpassword' for password.

Creating Database

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Right-click on the Databases node and and select 'New Database...' to open 'New Database' dialog. In 'Database name' field, you provide any names for the new database, which we'll assume is 'opensim'. In 'Owner' field, provide the name of newly created database user('opensimuser' in this tutorial). Accept all defaults and click 'OK'.

Configuring OpenSimulator

Open StandaloneCommon.ini or GridCommon.ini with your editor. First, comment-out the line for SQLite.

After that, add these line in [DatabaseService] section. As of OpenSimulator 0.7.1, there is no sample configurations for MSSQL(Microsoft SQL Server), so you need to add them by yourself.

Save and start OpenSimulator. It will access to your new SQL Server database instead of the default SQLite databases.

MySQL

MySQL's own configuration is handled in its my.ini file (found in 'C:ProgramDataMySQLMySQL Server x.y' on recent versions of MySQL on Windows) or my.cnf file (found at /etc/mysql/my.cnf on Ubuntu Linux systems, for instance).

In general, the default configuration is fine for OpenSimulator. However, you may want to check the max_allowed_packet size. Very large objects, such as linksets with a very large number of parts or large mesh objects may generate OpenSimulator assets that exceed the default BLOB size that MySQL can store. On Ubuntu the max_allowed_packet size is 16M, which should be fine. On Windows MySQL it can be set larger. In early versions of MySQL the default is 1M which may be too small. Windows 5.6 MySQL default is 4M.

Notes: OSGrid maximum asset size is reported as 45MB at May 2013. Openvue grid maximum asset size is reported as 16MB as at May 2013.

To change this setting, one would add a line like the following in the [mysqld] section of the my.ini or my.cnf file. E.g.,

On Ubuntu 14.04.1 with MySQL latest, this setting was already found to be 16M.

Ö, or ö, is a character that represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, or the letter 'o' modified with an umlaut or diaeresis. In many languages, the letter 'ö', or the 'o' modified with an umlaut, is used to denote the non-close front rounded vowels [ø] or [œ]. In languages without such vowels, the character is known as an 'o with diaeresis' and denotes a syllable break, wherein its pronunciation remains an unmodified [o].

O-umlaut[edit]

The letter o with umlaut (ö) appears in the German alphabet. It represents the umlauted form of o, resulting in [œ] or [ø]. The letter is often collated together with o in the German alphabet, but there are exceptions which collate it like oe or OE. The letter also occurs in some languages that have adopted German names or spellings, but it is not normally a part of those alphabets. In Danish and Norwegian, ö was previously used in place of ø in older texts to distinguish between open and closed ö-sounds. It is also used when confusion with other symbols could occur, on maps for instance. The Dano-Norwegian ø is, like the German ö, a development of oe and can be compared with the French œ.In other languages that do not have the letter as part of the regular alphabet or in limited character sets such as ASCII, o-umlaut is frequently replaced with the digraphoe. For example, in German hören (hear/listen) can be easily recognized even if spelled hoeren.

Ö in other languages[edit]

The letter ö also occurs in two other Germanic languages: Swedish and Icelandic, but it is regarded there as a separate letter, not as an umlauted version of o. Apart from Germanic languages, it occurs in the Uralic languagesFinnish, Karelian, Veps, Estonian, Southern Sami, and Hungarian, in the Turkic languages such as Azeri, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur (Latin script), Crimean Tatar, Kazakh (used by Kazinform, and to be the official 22nd alphabet in 2020 version of their orthography), and in the Uto-Aztecan languageHopi, where it represents the vowel sounds [ø, œ]. Its name in Finnish, Swedish, Icelandic, Estonian, Azeri, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur, Crimean Tatar, Hungarian, Votic and Volapük is Öö[øː], not 'O with two dots' since /ø/ is not a variant of the vowel /o/ but a distinct phoneme.

In the germanic language of Limburgish, the (ö) is used in the same way as in German.

In certain languages, the letter ö cannot be written as 'oe' because minimal pairs exist between ö and oe (and also with oo, öö and öe), as in Finnish eläinkö 'animal?' (interrogative) vs. eläinkoe 'animal test' (cf. Germanic umlaut). If the character ö is unavailable, o is substituted and context is relied upon for inference of the intended meaning. In Volapük, ö can be written as oy, but never as oe.

In Romagnol, ö is used to represent [ɔə~ɔː], e.g. cöt [kɔət~kɔːt] 'cooked'. In mountain dialects of Emilian, it is used to represent [ø], e.g. tött [tøtː] 'all'.

In the Seneca language, ö is used to represent [ɔ̃], a back mid rounded nasalized vowel.

In Swedish, the letter ö is also used as the one-letter word for an island, which is not to be mixed with the actual letter. Ö in this sense is also a Swedish-language surname.^[1]

In the Seri language, ö indicates the labialization of the previous consonant, e.g. cöihiin /kʷiˈɁiin/ 'sanderling'.

Last letter of some alphabets[edit]

It is collated as an independent letter, sometimes by placing it at the end of the alphabet, such as in Swedish and Icelandic; and in Finnish, after Z, Å and Ä, thus fulfilling the place of omega, for example in the Finnish expression aasta ööhön 'from A to Z'. However, in Hungarian, as well as Turkish and other Turkic alphabets that have ö, it is an independent letter between o and p.

O-diaeresis[edit]

O with diaeresis occurs in several languages that use diaereses. In these languages the letter represents a normal o, and the pronunciation does not change (e.g. in the Dutch/Afrikaans word coöperatief [cooperative]).

In English[edit]

Some writers and publications, such as The New Yorker, use it in English words such as zoölogy and coöperate to indicate that the second vowel is pronounced separately. It is also employed in names such as Laocoön, Coös County, and the constellationBoötes. This is also done in Dutch.

Usage in phonetic alphabets[edit]

In the Rheinische Dokumenta, a phonetic alphabet for many West Central German, the Low Rhenish, and few related vernacular languages, ö represents the close-mid front rounded vowel with the IPA notation [ø].

The Uralic phonetic alphabet uses ⟨Ö⟩ as in Finnish to denote the front vowel [ø].

Typography[edit]

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Historically^[when?]O-diaeresis was written as an o with two dots above the letter. O-umlaut was written as an o with a small e written above in cursive old German (Gothic) script (Oͤ oͤ): this minute e is represented by two vertical bars connected by a slanted line, which then degenerated to two vertical bars in early modern handwritings. In most later handwritings these bars in turn nearly became dots. The origin of the letter ö was a similar ligature for the digraph OE: e was written above o and degenerated into two small dots.^{[citation needed]}

In some inscriptions and display typefaces, ö may be represented as an o with a small letter e inside.

In modern typography there was insufficient space on typewriters and later computer keyboards to allow for both an O-with-dots (also representing ö) and an o-with-bars. Since they looked nearly identical, the two glyphs were combined, which was also done in computer character encodings such as ISO 8859-1. As a result, there was no way to differentiate between the different characters.

Other alphabets containing o-diaerisis include the Welsh alphabet,

Other alphabets containing o-umlaut include: the Turkmen alphabet (for the vowel [ø]), the Azerbaijani alphabet (for the vowel [œ]), the Yapese alphabet (for [œ]), the Luxembourgian alphabet (when writing loanwords from Standard German), the Slovenian alphabet (when writing loanwords from German, Hungarian and Turkish), and the Dinka alphabet. The Hungarian alphabet contains both ö and ő: double acute o is the longer pair of ö. See double acute accent.

Encoding[edit]

See also[edit]

• 😮 is an emoji representing 'surprise'

References[edit]

1. ^Turunen, Petri (4 September 2016). 'Rikulla on Suomen lyhyin sukunimi – nimenmuutokselle perusteet äidin suvussa' [Riku has the shortest surname in Finland – grounds for name change in his mother's family]. Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 2016-09-04.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)

External links[edit]